A Better Way?

Aboriginal archaeological management in NSW

30/05/2024
 Dr Sandra Wallace

I grew up on the mid-north coast of NSW, in a small farming valley surrounded by state forest. There were no Aboriginal people in the school I went to. I grew up with no understanding of Aboriginal culture, even though my days were spent running barefoot with my brothers across beautiful Biripi Country.

Now I am living and working on Gadigal and Birrabirragal lands. On this land and at this time I hope I understand where I am and my place here. I am a descendant of British, German and Scottish migrants. I am part of a social system that has upheld and benefited from the atrocities of British invasion. I am the founder and director of a large heritage consultancy that makes money from Aboriginal culture and heritage. I also care deeply about archaeology, Aboriginal culture, and getting better outcomes from the legislative constraints that we work under as a business. I recognise the contradictions that all this holds.

Image: From left to right - Cole Perry (Artefact Heritage and Environment), Tyson Mundine (Biraban Local Aboriginal Land Council) and Peter Leven (Awabakal & GuriNgai Pty Ltd) on an archaeological dig near Newcastle. 

SHAKY FOUNDATIONS

Aboriginal people should have control over their own culture

I have been feeling increasingly uneasy about my role as a non-Aboriginal business owner who profits from the management and destruction of Aboriginal cultural heritage. This uneasiness is not a simple thing, it is nuanced and reflects and refracts through the different lenses of who I am and what I do. Cultural heritage management is not all compromised, we do a lot of great work, and often in partnership with Aboriginal people. But the foundations of what we do sit on poisoned ground.

So where does that leave me as the owner of Artefact? Where should we be as an industry, and what can I do to advocate for that in my position?

My firm belief is that Aboriginal people should have control over their own culture. That doesn’t mean non-Aboriginal people shouldn’t work in the field, they absolutely should. But Aboriginal people must manage and control the process. That means companies like Artefact need to hand back that aspect of what we do to Aboriginal owned firms or at the very least employ Aboriginal people internally to manage the process. Although this won’t happen overnight, moving in this direction is an ethical imperative and should not be baulked at because of commercial considerations.


OUTDATED & RACIST
It's time to campaign and support positive change to the legislation


The current Aboriginal heritage legislation is outdated and inherently racist. Aboriginal heritage protection still sits under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 which is a huge embarrassment to NSW.

Recent pushes to bring in new legislation have failed and although an ongoing process is underway there is no clear indication of how and when the law will change to codify the role of Aboriginal people in the determination of their own culture. This change is critical and must happen soon. Consultants like me must campaign for, and support, any positive change to the legislation.

In my view the most important consideration in my position is that only a very small part of this question is mine to ask. The way Aboriginal heritage is managed and how this is done; whether there is a focus on archaeology or other cultural values, where the money goes, all these are questions for Aboriginal people.

So, the most important thing I can do is to throw the mic back to the Aboriginal community and not co-opt a discussion that’s not mine to enter. My role is to work towards a better way for Aboriginal cultural heritage management as an informed and outraged ally.


Image: Aboriginal artefacts from a greenfield development site in north-west of Sydney. 

What others are saying?
 "What do Aboriginal people get out of all these development projects? A bagful of rocks - that’s it!"

Laurie Perry -  Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation
"Archaeology in settler societies around the world has become characterised by specialists whose function is the clearance of Indigenous sites from the landscape, making way for economic development."

Rich Hutchings and Marina La Salle - Anthropologists
 "Heritage consultants engaged in development driven archaeology are typically less able than their academic counterparts to negotiate the terms of collaborative consultation with Aboriginal people."

Andrew Costello - Consulting Archaeologist 

Footnotes

Richards, M., ‘So far in the wrong direction: What hope is there for New South Wales’ stand-alone Aboriginal cultural heritage legislation?’, Historic Environment, Volume 34, Number 1-3, ICOMOS Australia, 2022 (2023), 76-89

Hutchings, R., and M. La Salle. 2015. “Archaeology as Disaster Capitalism.” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 19: 699–720. doi:10.1007/s10761-015-0308-3

Andrew Costello, 2021. ‘Beyond the shovel and the sieve: achieving better outcomes for Aboriginal people in commercial archaeology’, Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 28:1, 45-58, https://doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2021.1894251


Image: Artefact Team Leader of Aboriginal Heritage Ryan Taddeucci with Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Officer Kelly Barton. 


OVER TO YOU
What do you think?


It may seem like I’m shooting my own business in the foot. But I would rather be involved in this conversation about how we might change this system for the better, than go on ticking boxes.

Not everyone may agree with what I’ve said here, and there is certainly a huge amount of excellent and well-intentioned work going on in the heritage field.

The calls for change in this area have been steadily growing and I’d really like to hear what others think. 

Send your thoughts to office@artefact.net.au

"The failure of two recent Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Bills in New South Wales is likely to be due to the development-driven New South Wales Government’s priorities and lack of political will’ more than anything to do with the proposed bills."

Michelle Richards

Footnote

Richards, M., ‘So far in the wrong direction: What hope is there for New South Wales’ stand-alone Aboriginal cultural heritage legislation?’, Historic Environment, Volume 34, Number 1-3, ICOMOS Australia, 2022 (2023), 76-89


Image: Sandra Wallace - Founder and Managing Director of Artefact Heritage and Environment.  

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